The Laws, in plain English

• Level with the second-last opponent, or level with the ball, is onside.
• Only the head, body and feet count. Hands and arms don't.
• You can't be offside in your own half, or straight from a goal kick, a throw-in or a corner.

1. 1

   The Field of Play

   The pitch, its lines and the goals.

   • A rectangle 90 to 120 m long and 45 to 90 m wide. For international matches, 100 to 110 m by 64 to 75 m.
   • The goal is 7.32 m wide and 2.44 m high, measured inside the posts and to the bottom of the crossbar.
   • The penalty area reaches 16.5 m out from each post and 16.5 m into the field; the goal area 5.5 m. The penalty mark is 11 m from the goal. The centre circle and the arc outside each penalty area have a radius of 9.15 m.
   • Lines are no more than 12 cm wide, and belong to the areas they mark. A ball on the line is still in.
2. 2

   The Ball

   Its size, weight and pressure.

   • Round, 68 to 70 cm around and 410 to 450 g at the start of the match, pumped to 0.6 to 1.1 atmospheres.
   • Youth football uses smaller balls. In England this season: size 3 up to under-11, size 4 for under-12 and under-13, size 5 from under-14.
3. 3

   The Players

   How many, and how substitutes work.

   • Up to eleven players a side, one of them the goalkeeper. A match cannot start or continue if a team has fewer than seven.
   • In official competitions, up to five substitutes may be used. Top-level teams get three chances to make them, plus half-time.
   • Return substitutions (going back on after coming off) are only allowed in youth, veterans, disability and grassroots football, where the competition allows.

   New for 2026/27 A player being substituted must be off the pitch within ten seconds of the board or the referee's signal. If not, the substitute has to wait until the first stoppage after one minute of play.

4. 4

   The Players' Equipment

   What players must and must not wear.

   • A shirt with sleeves, shorts, socks, shin guards and footwear.
   • Goalkeepers wear colours that are different from everyone else.
   • Nothing dangerous may be worn.

   New for 2026/27 The blanket ban on jewellery has gone. Accessories are allowed if they are not dangerous and are safely and securely covered. Dangerous items must still be removed, not taped over.

5. 5

   The Referee

   The referee's powers, including advantage.

   • The referee's decisions on facts connected with play are final.
   • Advantage: the referee can let play go on after an offence if that helps the team that was fouled, and go back to the foul if the advantage doesn't come within a few seconds.

   New for 2026/27 A player treated on the pitch, or whose injury stops play, must leave and stay off for one minute after play restarts. There are exceptions, including for goalkeepers and for players injured by a foul that gets a yellow or red card.

6. 6

   The Other Match Officials

   Assistant referees, fourth officials and VAR.

   • Assistant referees help with offside, the ball going out and offences the referee can't see.
   • Some competitions use a fourth official and video assistant referees (VAR). Grassroots football usually has neither.
7. 7

   The Duration of the Match

   Halves, half-time and added time.

   • Two halves of 45 minutes, unless the competition says otherwise (youth matches are shorter).
   • Half-time is no more than 15 minutes.
   • Time lost to substitutions, injuries, celebrations and time-wasting is added on.
8. 8

   The Start and Restart of Play

   Kick-offs and dropped balls.

   • Each half, and play after a goal, starts with a kick-off from the centre mark. The ball is in play once it is kicked and clearly moves, in any direction.
   • A goal can be scored straight from a kick-off, but only against the opponents.
   • If the referee stops play for something that isn't an offence, it restarts with a dropped ball.

   New for 2026/27 The ball is dropped for the team that had, or would have had, the ball. If it was stopped because the ball hit a match official, it is dropped where it hit them.

9. 9

   The Ball In and Out of Play

   When the ball is out.

   • The ball is out only when the whole of it has crossed the goal line or touchline, on the ground or in the air, or when the referee stops play.
   • If it hits a match official and a team starts a promising attack, goes straight into the goal or changes hands, play is stopped for a dropped ball.
10. 10

    Determining the Outcome of a Match

    What counts as a goal, and penalty shoot-outs.

    • A goal is scored when the whole of the ball crosses the goal line between the posts and under the crossbar, if there was no offence.
    • If a match must have a winner, the competition may use extra time and kicks from the penalty mark.

    New for 2026/27 In a shoot-out, if the kicker accidentally touches the ball twice (both feet at once, or it hits their standing leg) and it goes in, the kick is retaken. If it doesn't go in, it counts as a miss.

11. 11

    Offside

    When being ahead of the defence is an offence.

    • Being in an offside position is not an offence on its own.
    • A player is in an offside position if any part of their head, body or feet is in the opponents' half (not counting the halfway line) and nearer the opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent. Hands and arms don't count.
    • They are only penalised if, when a teammate plays or touches the ball, they then get involved: playing the ball, stopping an opponent playing it, or gaining an advantage from being there.
    • There is no offside from a goal kick, a throw-in or a corner kick.
12. 12

    Fouls and Misconduct

    Fouls, handball, cautions and sendings-off.

    • A direct free kick is given for kicking, tripping, pushing, charging, striking, jumping at or tackling an opponent carelessly, recklessly or with excessive force, and for holding, biting, spitting and handball.
    • Handball is an offence if a player touches the ball with a hand or arm on purpose, or with the arm making their body unnaturally bigger, or scores straight from a hand or arm, even by accident.
    • A goalkeeper who holds the ball in their hands for more than eight seconds gives away a corner kick.
    • A yellow card is a caution. Two in one match, or a straight red, is a sending-off.

    New for 2026/27 If the referee plays advantage after a foul that denied an obvious goal-scoring chance, and the goal is scored anyway, the offender gets no card.

13. 13

    Free Kicks

    Direct and indirect free kicks.

    • A goal can be scored straight from a direct free kick. From an indirect free kick, another player must touch it first. The referee raises an arm to show it is indirect.
    • Opponents must be at least 9.15 m away until the ball is in play.
    • When three or more defenders form a wall, attackers must stay at least 1 m from it.
14. 14

    The Penalty Kick

    How a penalty is taken.

    • Taken from the penalty mark, kicked forwards.
    • The goalkeeper stays on the goal line between the posts, facing the kicker, until the ball is kicked, with at least part of one foot touching or level with the line.
    • Everyone else stays outside the penalty area and the arc, behind the ball, until it is kicked.

    New for 2026/27 An accidental double touch by the kicker: if it goes in, the kick is retaken; if not, the defending team gets an indirect free kick. A kicker who deliberately touches it twice gives away an indirect free kick.

15. 15

    The Throw-in

    How to take a throw-in.

    • Face the pitch, with part of each foot on the touchline or on the ground outside it.
    • Use both hands, throwing from behind and over the head, from where the ball went out.
    • Opponents must be at least 2 m away. A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw-in.
    • In English grassroots football the youngest age groups replace the throw-in with a pass-in or dribble-in. See the youth game, below, and check your league's rules.

    New for 2026/27 If a team is delaying a throw-in, the referee can start a visible five-second count. If it hasn't been taken by the end, the throw goes to the other team.

16. 16

    The Goal Kick

    Restarting from the goal area.

    • Given when the ball goes over the goal line, last touched by an attacker, and no goal is scored.
    • Kicked from anywhere in the goal area. The ball is in play once it is kicked and clearly moves; it doesn't have to leave the penalty area.

    New for 2026/27 If a team is delaying a goal kick, the referee can start a five-second count. If it hasn't been taken, the other team gets a corner.

17. 17

    The Corner Kick

    Corners, and the new ways to give one away.

    • Given when the ball goes over the goal line, last touched by a defender, and no goal is scored.
    • Placed in the corner arc. A goal can be scored straight from a corner, but only against the opponents.
    • Opponents stay at least 9.15 m away until the ball is in play.

    New for 2026/27 A corner is now also given when a goalkeeper holds the ball for more than eight seconds, or a team delays its goal kick past the five-second count.

Under-15s and under-16s play 11v11 on a recommended 91 × 55 m pitch (up to 100 × 64 m). Sizes exclude the run-off around the pitch. Leagues can set their own rules within The FA's, so check your league handbook.